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no3 to n2 requires an electron donor which is complicated, but might be good to discuss in your article. I vacuum my sand in 20% intervals over a year every 4 years to remove the mostly inert grey sludge/mulm that can gum up a working DSB - mine are about 3 inches. Dr. Ron and I disagreed...

You might consider discussing how heavy/toxic metals often bind to organics and using a skimmer can be the most effective way to remove them - these metals often come into every tank in fish food. Gas exchange is too important not to discuss. The triad of heavy metal removal, gas exchange and...

Joes and AipX are watered down Kalkwasser with some lemon juice, vinegar or some other additive, so just mix your own next time in a bit of water. Home made mix is usually stronger and more effective. Red Solo Cup, Mrs. Wages Pickling Lime and an old Salifert Test Kit syringe. I mix it thick...

Don't worry about iodine. Neither OES nor MS can tell which type of idoine was in the water and only Iodide is useful... Organic Iodine, elemental iodine, iodide, iodate, I++, shineola, etc. and all of the other forms show the same peak on ICP, but they are not useful. The compound matters...

I would vacuum 25-33% of the sand with those water changes. Get the gunk out that has settled in there, if there is any. Don't do it all since you need the oxic and anoix zones to establish again after you mix them up. Maybe do another quarter or third of the sand a few months from now. Suck...

Keep feeding it well and it should be OK. I had the same fish from ORA/Biota and it was a weird fish. It never really wanted to eat algae since it probably never saw any in it's whole life - it eventually got with the program. It also did not know how to act around other/different fish for a...

I would also get the salinity up to 35. This way, if you have a testing error, you are less likely to get low enough to make LPS mad.

This is the best presentation on Algae that I have ever seen:

Change water weekly over the next month or two. This is the ultimate reset... and also the cheapest. See if Petco or Chewy has a sale on IO where you can sign up for auto ship and cancel it a week later. Get some urchins. Continue to pull the hair algae on your own. If you have been...

I usuallty hate AIO tanks since you have to take the manufacturers version of what is correct instead of figuring it out yourself as you adapt. I would avoid most of them since they all seem to have seam failures and total catastrophies - espeically Red Sea (BRS has deleted posts/reviews with...

Call Air, Water, Ice, or the like and talk to them. Avoid BRS - just too much garbage from them both in increased prices and them supporting total crap companies for profit. Get extra sediment, carbon and DI resin and just have it for the next time - most are interchangeable if you get the...

Anybody need fish? Want to get this tank closed down.

Some of the cheap Chinese ones can elevate Tin. It is part of cheap plastics. If you do ICP and see elevated Tin, then don't worry about it. While the levels might be high, nobody seems to know the set point for Tin and the elevation does not seem to be a big deal in most tanks unless it gets...

Go on the marketplace or CL and see if you can find a $10 powerhead. Maybe you will get lucky and find a tunze pump since they last a long time. I would not EVER keep AI, EcoTech, MaxSpec or the like on hand as a backup... then the warranty runs out while it is in the box. It is not like any...

I don't know what that would accomplish. You have to have a NMR of a known compound to compare against to try and determine anything. I don't use anything out of a bottle in my reef tank, so I don't really care about SeaChem. If I need a compound, then food-grade dry from Amazon and I make my...

Are the maximas fresh imports or have them put on new shell in your tank?

Hawaiian Black, One Spot Foxface, Blue Spot Puffer and Huma.

If you don't want to go down ICP rabbit hole, the plasma can ONLY count elements, not compounds. If the plasma sees a spike in the nitrogen range, it has no idea where that nitrogen came from - was it n2, no2, no3, nitrogen in organics, ammonia, ammonium, etc.? Something like salinity is...

Please go and read the long ICP threads on RC where people have done analysis and multiple results. In the end, they are not likely any better than a high quality reefing test kit. ICP does not live up to the hype. The other things that ICP can test for that you cannot get at home have no...

Chocolate Tang gone. Make me some offers on the other fish. 72x27x27 tank with black stand and hood and 75g sump available after the fish are all gone.